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Juan Ignacio Paulino Ramírez Calzada〔Arellano, Emilio. Ignacio Ramírez, El Nigromante, Memorias prohibidas. México D. F. Editorial Planeta, 2009. (205 pages)〕 (22 June 1818 - 15 June 1879) was a Mexican writer, poet, journalist, lawyer, atheist, and political libertarian from San Miguel de Allende, then called San Miguel el Grande.〔María Elena Victoria Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p.1231.〕 His father had been a prominent federalist politician.〔Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez", p. 1231.〕 In writings, Ramírez used the pen name, El Nigromante (The Necromancer). He defended the rights of Indians. Ramírez worked with Guillermo Prieto to start the satirical periodical, ''Don Simplicio''. Ramírez is considered a member of the "'romantic generation' of Mexican liberals" coinciding with the Liberal Reform; others were Ponciano Arriaga, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, Melchor Ocampo, and Guillermo Prieto.〔Charles A. Hale, ''The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico''. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, p. 7.〕 Ramírez began his studies in Querétaro, birth city of his father, and in 1835 was taken to the Colegio de San Gregorio in Mexico City, where he studied arts. In 1841 he began studies and in 1845 obtained a law degree at the Pontifical University of Mexico. He was admitted at age 19 in the literary Academy of San Juan de Letrán, composed of the most enlightened men of the time. Ramirez is famous in Mexico's literary annals for his speech at the Academy on a topic so controversial that had the effect of a dynamite explosion: "There is no God. Natural beings sustain themselves" (("No hay Dios; los seres de la naturaleza se sostienen por sí mismos")〔Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez", p. 1231.〕 He was accepted despite protests that petrified the assembly. "From this Ramírez developed the idea that literature should play a part in the progress of Mexican society and democracy."〔Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez", p. 1231.〕 He championed the improvement of the situation of women in Mexico and extolled "education as the only possible way to achieve well-being."〔Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez", p. 1231.〕 In the 1840s, Ramírez was involved with the Instituto Literario de Toluca,〔Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez", p. 1231.〕 where he mentored the famous novelist Ignacio Manuel Altamirano. According to the website of the Mexican government, “He was persecuted and imprisoned for his ideas, but managed to promote various changes to the law, such as that guaranteeing the autonomy of the municipality. He was named Minister for Instruction and Promotion, instituting important educational and economic reforms. During the reign of the Emperor Maximilian, he was banished to California, but on his return from San Francisco to the Republic following the ousting of the French, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Justice as a magistrate.〔Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez", p. 1231.〕 Ramírez criticized Benito Juárez's re-election, and later the re-election bid of his successor, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, for which he was imprisoned.〔Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez", p. 1231.〕 Beginning in 1876, when Porfirio Díaz came to power, he was tasked by the government to implement policies to expand public education, a key component of the Liberal's program. Under Ramírez, primary was expanded, including education for women and indigenous, and public secondary education established.〔Victoria Andrade de Herrara, "Education in Mexico: Historical and Contemporary Educational Systems" in ''Children of La Frontera: Binational Efforts to Service Mexican Migrant and Immigrant Students''.U.S. Department of Educaiton, Educaitonal Resources Information Center (ERIC) 1996, 28.〕 He served in the government of Porfirio Díaz as Minister of Justice and Education. until he criticized Díaz and fell out of favor, but returned to the Supreme Court.〔Jardón, "Ignacio Ramírez", p. 1231.〕 He died on June 15, 1879, in Mexico City. Long after his death, his atheism was the subject of a scandal in 1948 when muralist Diego Rivera painted a mural at the Del Prado Hotel with Ramírez holding a sign reading, "Dios no existe" 〔(Mexican Mural School )〕 ("God does not exist"). Rivera would not remove the inscription, so the mural was not shown for 9 years – after Rivera agreed to remove the offending words. He stated: "To affirm "God does not exist", I do not have to hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez; I am an atheist and I consider religions to be a form of collective neurosis. I am not an enemy of the Catholics, as I am not an enemy of the tuberculars, the myopic or the paralytics; you cannot be an enemy of the sick, only their good friend in order to help them cure themselves."〔Philip Stein, ''Siqueiros: his life and works'' (International Publishers Co, 1994), ISBN 0-7178-0706-1, pp176〕 == See also == *Guillermo Prieto *Atheism in Mexico 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ignacio Ramírez」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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